click on a tab to open up the FAQ for that category.
Distance errors are measured in Percentage. A 1% error is:
On the TDR’s display, place the Cursor at the beginning of where the trace deviates from the horizontal reference line, NOT at the center of the fault.
Try to get closer to the fault.
Shoot the fault from both ends.
Different diameter cameras and different rods have varying capabilities depending on the user's needs. To negotiate a 4" Trap, you need a small diameter head and a somewhat flexible rod. Our "Plumbers System" has a 1" camera and a rod that is flexible enough to go through a 4" trap. The larger camera heads, and stiffer rods, can be pushed much farther than the Plumbers System, but are not flexible enough for a 4" trap. Please contact us for more specific answers.
As a standalone unit, no. Water itself is not a significant conductor of locate signal. Another solution is needed which could include: A rodder system, Ground Penetrating Radar, or Acoustic methods.
Most pipe and cable locators do not have the extra "loop antenna" that is used to locate an electronic marker. Check your device's User Manual to see if this option is included in your device.
NO, the cable to be tested must be disconnected and must not have any voltage during the test. There are some exceptions. Please contact Eastcom Associates for further details.
The cable to be tested must be de-energized and then disconnected from both ends.
It is preferable to probe the ground above where the cable is. However, one can be 5 to 10 ft to one side or the other and still get meaningful results. This is particularly true if the cable lays under pavement or concrete, and you are probing a patch of dirt or grass some feet away from the cable.Also, it is good practice to probe in cracks in the pavement or concrete.
It is preferable to probe the ground close to where the cable is. However, one can be 5 to 10 ft to either side of the cable and still get meaningful results. This is particularly true if the cable lays under pavement or concrete, and you are probing a patch of dirt or grass some feet away and parallel to the cable. Also, take advantage of cracks in the pavement/concrete that are around where you are probing.
Even though there is a calibration service offered by Radiodetection for TDRs, it is normally not required. Calibration is more often performed at the time of replacement of the internal batteries.
YES, the metallic spikes (or probes) must make very good contact with the ground. If the ground is very dry, or if you are working over asphalt or concrete, it is recommended to wet the ground with some water around the spikes in order to increase the ground’s conductivity and get more accurate readings with the A-Frame. You can also take advantage of any cracks nearby the cable’s path for old asphalt/concrete.
An A-Frame will locate faults to ground of up to 2 MOhms and within the length of the A-Frame (21 inches – 53 cm). More frequently, the user will be able to pinpoint faults to within 6 inches (15 cm).
Depth to a buried marker is always an “approximation”, +/-10%.
Depth is an estimation to the center of the target line (not the top). This is determined by horizontal (peak) antennas inside a locator. With a clean electromagnetic field, depth is generally estimated within +/- 3%. However many factors go into this reading, and distortion on the field can greatly affect it. Make sure you keep depth as an internal piece of information for yourself, and never use depth to assume safe mechanized equipment operation over the marking.
There are three methods to locate non-metallic lines where traditional locating cannot: detectable rodder, Ground Penetrating Radar, and acoustic methods.
1. A detectable rodder is the optimal way as it allows the use of a traditional locator and one can control the signal. However, this can be difficult in potable water systems, or where it is not possible to insert the rod.
2. Ground Penetrating Radar is a good alternative as long as the soil (not heavy clays) and pipe conditions are favorable.
3. Acoustic methods are more involved and typically require hooking up a mechanical “hammering” system, then listening to that specific sound with a device similar to a leak detector.
There is no one answer for every situation. Contact us for more information on these methodologies.
There are three methods to locate non metallic water lines:GPR - Ground Penetrating RadarDetectable Rodders and/or SondesPulse Wave method (RD500 + TransOnde)GPR is a non-intrusive technology that uses short bursts of radio frequency signal to probe the ground for the presence objects such as buried utilities. Its effectiveness varies with the type of ground and the size of target utility - smaller diameter pipes are more difficult to detect at greater depths.Detectable rodders and sondes are a very efficient way to locate non metallic lines, and provide an easy way to locate AC or PVC pipe. They both require insertion of the device into the pipe. The detectable rodder has accessories available to facilitate its insertion into live water lines.The Pulse Wave method utilizes a "mechanical vibration" which propagates along the water itself to locate the pipe. This small vibration in the water makes the pipe wall vibrate, which in turn propagates through the ground to the surface where a specialized pick up device (Radiodetection RD500) allows to locate the presence of the underground water line.Contact our Sales Department for more information on these methodologies - 908-722-7774
There are three methods to locate non-metallic lines where traditional locating cannot: detectable rodder, Ground Penetrating Radar, and acoustic methods.
1. A detectable rodder is the optimal way as it allows the use of a traditional locator and one can control the signal. However, this can be difficult in potable water systems, or where it is not possible to insert the rod.
2. Ground Penetrating Radar is a good alternative as long as the soil (not heavy clays) and pipe conditions are favorable.
3. Acoustic methods are more involved and typically require hooking up a mechanical “hammering” system, then listening to that specific sound with a device similar to a leak detector.
There is no one answer for every situation. Contact us for more information on these methodologies.
For pricing and purchasing information, please contact Eastcom Associates at 908-722-7774. Our team can provide details on the system’s cost, availability, and any additional support you may need.
You can try:
For pricing and purchasing information, please contact Eastcom Associates directly at 908-722-7774. We will provide details on the cost, availability, and any additional support or configuration options you may need.
Clip your leads together and use a lower frequency (512 Hz, 8 kHz).
Spread them out in a wide loop.
Locate the loop with your receiver.
If you can locate it accurately then you should be ok. Keep in mind that depth and current measurement may be a little off as the locator may still be picking up significant signal because it is so close. If you still feel the locator is inaccurate reach out to our repairs dept HERE.
Make sure to use the correct VOP for the cable under test. The proper VOP for the cable tested in the field can be found in two ways:
In most cases, your transmitter will indicate a how good a circuit you are creating. This can be Audible (low pitch the better), visual (the more mA the better) or both. If your transmitter does not do either of these, you will have to use your receiver to determine ground (circuit) viability.
Sondes are located parallel with the receiver (not perpendicular as with a normal line locate). So, make sure that you hold the receiver parallel with the camera direction. Sondes generate three (3) signals, one (1) TRUE signal plus two (2) GHOST signals on either side of the true signal: one ghost in front, another behind.
The separation between these three signals is correlated to the depth of the sonde, the deeper the sonde the more spaced out these signals are. So, you will locate a good, strong signal with two weaker signals on either side, and separated by about how deep the camera head is. Don’t just take the first signal you see. Take the strong one in the middle.
You locate a camera head in the same way that you locate a Sonde:the Receiver's blade has to be parallel to the camera head or sonde;the frequency on the Receiver has to match the camera or sonde's own frequency;the SONDE ICON must show in your receiver's display.Typical frequencies for cameras or sondes are 512 Hz or 33 kHz. If your frequency does not show up in your Receiver's display, then you may have to enable it through the Receiver's Menu options. For more details on how to access the Receiver's menus please refer to the Receiver's User Guide or contact Eastcom for help.Pinpointing the location of the camera or sonde is a two (2) step process, the Receiver's "blade" has to be parallel to the camera/sonde, and in the PEAK mode.STEP #1Due to the shape of the signal that a camera or a sonde emits, you will be locating three (3) peaks spread out longitudinally along the path of the camera/sonde, the center peak being much stronger than the two outer peaks (which are also called "ghosts").STEP #2After locating the center peak walking ALONG the path of the camera, you now need to start locating ACROSS the path. Move in one direction ACROSS and see if your bar-graph grows or falls. Follow the direction of growth until you find the absolute peak.The camera or sonde will lay directly underneath the center peak response. Observe the DEPTH that your receiver indicates.Please contact Eastcom if you have any questions or you need help in locating a camera or sonde.
Sondes are located parallel with the receiver (not perpendicular as with a normal line locate). So, make sure that you hold the receiver parallel with the camera direction. Sondes generate three (3) signals, one (1) TRUE signal plus two (2) GHOST signals on either side of the true signal: one ghost in front, another behind.
The separation between these three signals is correlated to the depth of the sonde, the deeper the sonde the more spaced out these signals are. So, you will locate a good, strong signal with two weaker signals on either side, and separated by about how deep the camera head is. Don’t just take the first signal you see. Take the strong one in the middle.
You locate a camera head in the same way that you locate a Sonde:the Receiver's blade has to be parallel to the camera head or sonde;the frequency on the Receiver has to match the camera or sonde's own frequency;the SONDE ICON must show in your receiver's display.Typical frequencies for cameras or sondes are 512 Hz or 33 kHz. If your frequency does not show up in your Receiver's display, then you may have to enable it through the Receiver's Menu options. For more details on how to access the Receiver's menus please refer to the Receiver's User Guide or contact Eastcom for help.Pinpointing the location of the camera or sonde is a two (2) step process, the Receiver's "blade" has to be parallel to the camera/sonde, and in the PEAK mode.STEP #1Due to the shape of the signal that a camera or a sonde emits, you will be locating three (3) peaks spread out longitudinally along the path of the camera/sonde, the center peak being much stronger than the two outer peaks (which are also called "ghosts").STEP #2After locating the center peak walking ALONG the path of the camera, you now need to start locating ACROSS the path. Move in one direction ACROSS and see if your bar-graph grows or falls. Follow the direction of growth until you find the absolute peak.The camera or sonde will lay directly underneath the center peak response. Observe the DEPTH that your receiver indicates.Please contact Eastcom if you have any questions or you need help in locating a camera or sonde.
You locate a camera head in the same way that you locate a Sonde:the Receiver's blade has to be parallel to the camera head or sonde;the frequency on the Receiver has to match the camera or sonde's own frequency;the SONDE ICON must show in your receiver's display.Typical frequencies for cameras or sondes are 512 Hz or 33 kHz. If your frequency does not show up in your Receiver's display, then you may have to enable it through the Receiver's Menu options. For more details on how to access the Receiver's menus please refer to the Receiver's User Guide or contact Eastcom for help.Pinpointing the location of the camera or sonde is a two (2) step process, the Receiver's "blade" has to be parallel to the camera/sonde, and in the PEAK mode.STEP #1Due to the shape of the signal that a camera or a sonde emits, you will be locating three (3) peaks spread out longitudinally along the path of the camera/sonde, the center peak being much stronger than the two outer peaks (which are also called "ghosts").STEP #2After locating the center peak walking ALONG the path of the camera, you now need to start locating ACROSS the path. Move in one direction ACROSS and see if your bar-graph grows or falls. Follow the direction of growth until you find the absolute peak.The camera or sonde will lay directly underneath the center peak response. Observe the DEPTH that your receiver indicates.Please contact Eastcom if you have any questions or you need help in locating a camera or sonde.
There are two types of devices to locate buried markers: stand-alone/dedicated electronic marker locator; combination pipe/cable locator with an electronic marker antenna.
If needed, fold down the loop antenna to enter the Marker Locator Mode, select the type of buried marker to locate (Power, Gas, Water, etc.), and start walking the area until you get a response from the device.
Water leak detection equipment can be broadly divided into three categories:
1. Sound - the detector allows the identification of the leak noise produced by pressurized water escaping the pipe. This is the oldest and most widely used method.
2. Tracer gas - the detector picks up traces of a gas, normally Helium or a mix of Nitrogen (approx. 97-98%) + Hydrogen (2-3%). Good alternative to sound in noisy environments or small leaks.
3. Temperature - the detector identifies small temperature differences in the ground caused by the water leaking - only works when there is enough differential between the water and the ground around it. Useful in hot water systems where there is enough temperature differential.
The Fisher M-66 operates by emitting a signal that penetrates through soil, asphalt, or concrete. When the signal encounters a metal object, it reflects back to the device. The M-66 uses ground rejection VLF technology to filter out false signals caused by the ground, providing accurate readings on the analog meter and through audio feedback.
The UTTO System uses advanced technology to accurately map and locate buried utilities and assets. It integrates with UTTO’s Cloud platform to provide real-time data processing and analysis. Users can import existing GIS datasets, create new maps, and mark utility locations. The system allows for precise mapping during construction and facilitates virtual lining of 811 tickets for accurate utility marking.
With a tethered camera, maximum range is 1000 ft for a crawler system. Push rod cameras range from 100 ft to 500 ft.
Once you connect the controller to your Windows PC/laptop using the USB cable provided (it is a standard USB 2.0 Type A to B), it becomes an external drive to the computer. You can then open Windows Explorer and search the drive for the video file (.mp4) in the JOBS folder (JOBS\"name of customer"\"name of site"\etc...Once located, it can be manipulated like any other file under Windows.Snapshots taken at this job will also be available in the same directory as .jpg files.
Once you connect the controller to your Windows PC/laptop using the USB cable provided (it is a standard USB 2.0 Type A to B), it becomes an external drive to the computer. You can then open Windows Explorer and search the drive for the video file (.mp4) in the JOBS folder (JOBS\"name of customer"\"name of site"\etc. Once located, it can be manipulated like any other file under Windows. Snapshots taken at this job will also be available in the same directory as .jpg files.
Every locate is different. Start out with a mid-range frequency (33kHz), which should work well most of the time. But when you struggle, remember these points.
In theory, the A-Frame is not applicable if the cable is inside a non-metallic duct. However, in practice, if the cable developed a fault, it is probably related to some nearby damage that occurred to the duct work which in turn damaged the cable inside. In this case, the damage to the duct created a “path to ground” for the A-Frame signal which is what the A-Frame is designed to accurately pinpoint. It does not hurt to try it.
The UTTO System is specifically designed for the utility industry and is well-suited for projects involving the mapping and relocation of buried assets and facilities. It is particularly useful for construction projects, utility management, and regulatory compliance where high accuracy and integration with GIS platforms are required.
There is no single technology that will locate all utilities all the time, there are too many variables and physical constraints.
For example, GPR - Ground Penetrating Radar can potentially locate any buried utilities in any material, but whether the device is able to “see” underground or not is HIGHLY dependent on:
If your locator has the ability to read depth but does not, it is typically due to a distorted electromagnetic field. Try to:
Once you are getting a depth reading, test it by slowly raising your locator to see if the depth follows with you.
A distance-to-fault error is most commonly caused by either,
Remember you have control over 3 things as a locator. You can:
When all 3 of these things fail, it is time to move the transmitter. Hook up at another location and try to locate that way.
The AirSpade 2000 is best suited for landscapers and tree service providers, while the AirSpade 4000 is best for working around buried utilities.
Rechargeable batteries (Li-Ion) typically double the battery life of your locator, and you just have to plug them in. So, it depends on how often you are blowing through batteries. Given that your locator should last you many years with proper care, rechargeable batteries are a sound investment. Additionally, if you are using advanced features of your locator (Ex. Fault Finding), these functions draw more power, so a Lithium-Ion battery may be required.
The accuracy of a depth reading can be affected by external factors, it is called Field Distortion.There are many potential sources of Field Distortion: a congested underground, the use of a high frequency, or "dropping the box" - using induction mode to inject the signal onto the target utility.What can a user do to verify whether a depth reading is good or not? Here is a list of things to try:- If you have a NULL mode in your locator, verify that the signal "nulls out" close to where the Peak Response is.- Make sure that the line is straight where you take your reading (± 5 steps).- Make sure that you get a steady Signal response (± 10 steps).- Make sure that you don't pick up adjacent lines that also carry your signal (± 3-4 steps side).- Lift receiver approx. 1 ft and confirm new reading increases by 1 ft.- Take several depth readings slightly offset left-right and then pick the shallowest one.
Our inspection cameras can inspect pipes from 1.5" to 100+". Push rod cameras range from 1.5" to 24", crawler cameras from 6" to 100+".
We furnish two (2) types of Cable Fault Locators:
PROS: easy to use, reliable results, technology very well understood having been in use for many decades.CONS: small leaks, or plastic pipe, or low pressure don't produce enough noise to be picked up from some distance away at a nearby valve or hydrant, or to travel effectively through the ground. Noise generating features in the water pipe such as partially closed valves, and Tees, many times will show up as a leak.
PROS: Only looks for the presence of gas on the ground, independent of ambient noise. Very effective at identifying small leaks, or leaks in plastic pipe. Helium, or a mix of Nitrogen + Hydrogen, are safe to humans and are inert, i.e. no chemical interaction with gaskets, pipe material or the water itself.CONS: need to inject Helium or Nitrogen + Hydrogen upstream into the line. May require service to be interrupted. Practical for pipe diameters up to approx. 10-12 inches. Time consuming
PROS: Very easy to use.CONS: There must be enough temperature difference between the ground and the leaking pipe in order for the system to detect the leak area.
The RD8100 adds the following features to the RD7100:Broader range of frequenciesPower filters (1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th harmonic) for areas with heavy AC interferenceFive (5) user programmable frequencies between 50Hz and 1000HzMultiple Current Direction frequencies for difficult locates in congested areasHigh Frequency Current Direction (4 kHz-CD) for high impedance lines such as tracer wire, detectable tape, and other target lines. (Requires T10 transmitter)Broad peak mode for very weak signals or deep target lines (over 30 ft)Optional long range Bluetooth link between Receiver and Transmitter (up to 1400 ft) for remote control of transmitter’s functions. (Requires Bluetooth enabled Transmitter)Optional Built-in GPS with internal memory to store up to 1000 locate points.
The RD7200 is a multi-function, multi-frequency locator that is good for everyday locating. The RD8200 adds advanced features, including a wider range of frequencies, Current Direction, and the option of GPS and Bluetooth for mapping and quality assurance.
More power: 5 vs 10 Watts; but it is a bit more than that.
More power will allow you to:
A Tx10 also adds these additional features:
More power: 5 vs 10 Watts; but it is a bit more than that.
More power will allow you to:
A Tx10 also adds these additional features:
Major differences are:
AirSpade 4000 has an insulated, non-conductive, fiberglass barrel that, when properly used, provides a degree of protection from electric shock hazard.
AirSpade 4000 has a Non-Sparking bronze Supersonic nozzle, safer to use around buried gas utilities.
Sometimes you have to get creative with a ground. Read your environment to identify what could give you the best ground. If you have nothing in a parking lot, try putting a metal plate on the pavement, pour water around it, and use a high frequency (ex. 83kHz).
A transmitter puts a locate signal onto the line we are trying to locate. This is done by direct connection, clamp induction, or induction from the box.
An A-Frame will accurately locate faults to ground of 2 MOhms (MegaOhms) or less. The fault must have a path to ground/earth/dirt for the A-Frame to be able to locate it.
Some transmitters have the ability to output a boosted signal to 90 Volts (normally 30V). This allows for more signal potential on the line for difficult locates. Keep in mind this does put additional strain on the batteries. Check out our YouTube video demonstrating how to use this feature: https://youtu.be/g0eWzKpjScY
Some transmitters have the ability to output a boosted signal to 90 Volts (normally 30V). This allows for more signal potential on the line for difficult locates. Keep in mind this does put additional strain on the batteries. Check out our YouTube video demonstrating how to use this feature: https://youtu.be/g0eWzKpjScY
Cathodic Protection (CP) is a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell.
A simple method of cathodic protection connects the metal to be protected to a more easily corroded "sacrificial metal" that acts as the anode. The sacrificial metal corrodes itself first instead of the metallic asset that it is protecting.
For structures such as transmission pipelines, where “passive” galvanic cathodic protection is not adequate, an external DC electrical power source is used to maintain the protected steel structure more negative than the corrosive soil around it.
Cathodic protection systems protect a wide range of metallic structures in various environments. Common applications are: water or fuel steel pipelines, steel storage tanks such as water tanks or home water heaters; steel pier piles; ship and boat hulls; offshore oil platforms and onshore oil well casings; offshore wind farm foundations and metal reinforcement bars in concrete buildings and structures. Another common application is in galvanized steel, in which a sacrificial coating of zinc on steel parts protects them from rust. Cathodic protection can, in some cases, prevent stress corrosion cracking.
Current direction is an advanced feature available on RD8000, RD8100, and RD8200 model locators. It allows for tracking signal flow direction (↑ or ↓ arrows) on a buried target to differentiate it from other buried conductors in the vicinity that would be carrying the signal returning to the transmitter. Useful in congested environments.
Current direction is an advanced feature available on RD8000, RD8100, and RD8200 model locators. It allows for tracking signal flow direction (↑ or ↓ arrows) on a buried target to differentiate it from other buried conductors in the vicinity that would be carrying the signal returning to the transmitter. Useful in congested environments. More information here:
Short video: https://youtu.be/bYX1TdO-g74
Mode detailed explanation: https://support.radiodetection.com/hc/en-gb/articles/115005573626-CD-Current-Direction
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for Utility Locating is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to identify buried utilities (pipes and cables) and other objects of interest such as reinforcing bars (rebars), underground heating oil tanks, buried vaults.
This nondestructive method uses radio-frequency bursts in the microwave band (MHz), and detects the reflected signals from subsurface structures.
Velocity of Propagation – it is the velocity at which electrons travel along the cable that you are testing.
Also known as a Wheatstone Bridge, it is a fault finding device that allows the user to locate cable faults up to 200 MOhms.
It is a procedure used to help find unmarked utilities in a work area, as an effort to avoid damages. It typically involves “sweeping” the area of concern using both Passive locating (Power and Radio modes) as well as Active locating using the transmitter in the Induction mode.
You can watch a short video here: https://youtu.be/beddk_dl3kA
It is equipment that uses compressed air as the energy source for small excavations.
It is safer to use than mechanized equipment when you are digging near buried utilities such as power lines or gas pipes, or around roots that you want to preserve.
These devices convert the energy of compressed air into either:
1. a high velocity narrow stream of air to break down dirt, called an AirSpade; or,
2. an effective vacuum that is used to “suck up” loose dirt, pebbles, or small rocks, called an AirSpade Vacuum Excavator.
An Electronic Marker is a small passive detectable device which is permanently buried at points of interest that the user may have to return to, and perhaps excavate, sometime in the future. They don't have any batteries or other user serviceable components inside, and have a usable life that is measured in decades. They are typically used to mark specific points of an underground infrastructure such as buried cable splices, water or gas valves, corporation stops in non-metallic lines, butt ends, diameter changes, or any other point underground that the owner of the utility may have to return to in the future.
Dirt removed from the hole can be put back after the job is completed.
The Fisher M-66 is a specialized tool designed to locate buried or paved-over valves, boxes, vaults, and other metallic objects. It is capable of detecting all types of metals, including aluminum, brass, copper, iron, nickel, steel, and tin, making it highly versatile for various detection needs.
The Juniper Systems Geode is a versatile and affordable GNSS receiver designed for real-time data collection with sub-meter, sub-foot, and centimeter accuracy. It offers:
The Maggie Magnetic Locator is a high-performance tool designed for detecting ferrous metals with precision and ease. It combines the best features of Schonstedt’s flagship products, the GA-52Cx and the GA-92XT. The Maggie offers the sensitivity and accuracy of the GA-52Cx, alongside the single-handed operation of the GA-92XT. Its rugged design and advanced features make it a versatile choice for locating metal objects in various conditions.
The UTTO Utility Mapping and Locating System is a state-of-the-art tool designed for mapping and relocating buried assets and facilities with high precision. It offers inch accuracy and is tailored specifically for the utility industry. The system is powered by UTTO’s advanced backend Cloud, providing operational simplicity and integration capabilities for effective asset management and utility mapping.
Different types of markers have different nominal detection ranges: - "PEG" style markers - 39 inches; OmniMarker balls - 60 inches (5 ft).
Different types of markers have different nominal detection ranges: - "PEG" style markers - 39 inches;- UniMarker discs - 60 inches (5 ft);- OmniMarker balls - 60 inches (5 ft).
We sell a full range of leak detection equipment, ranging from a simple ground/contact microphone to a digital leak noise correlator and tracer gas systems.
Support options for the UTTO System typically include technical assistance, software updates, and user training. Contact Eastcom Associates for specific support services and coverage details.
A TDR is used to identify “Opens” and “Shorts” in twisted pair cable (telecom and signaling), coaxial cable, and any kind of cable where two (2) conductors are present such a power distribution cable with a center conductor and a concentric neutral.The TDR will indicate the distance to the fault.
Any metallic line or pipe has the potential to carry locate signal, which would allow us the ability to locate it. Different pipes and cables carry signal differently, which is why a robust multi frequency locator is a very useful tool.
As long as the line being located is completely enclosed inside the clamp, it should carry significant locate signals. The size of the clamp should be chosen to make sure the clamp can get into the space it needs to that allows for complete closure. The 2” is good for confined spaces. The 5” is good to make sure you get around warped 4” conduits.
The Fisher M-66 can detect a wide range of metals, including:
This broad detection capability makes it suitable for various applications, from locating utility valves to identifying other metal objects.
The Maggie Magnetic Locator is ideal for projects that involve locating ferrous metal objects, such as:
It is typically used to locate faults in electrical primary and secondary cables, where faults are usually high resistance, and where the use of a “thumper” is not recommended in order to preserve the integrity of the cable.